Moderate density, low density, and extremely low density single crystal alloys for high AN2 applications

ABSTRACT

A single crystal alloy for high AN 2  applications has a composition consisting essentially of from 4.0 to 10 wt % chromium, from 1.0 to 2.5 wt % molybdenum, up to 5.0 wt % tungsten, from 3.0 to 8.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.5 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 6.0 to 17 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 4.0 to 6.0 wt % rhenium, from 1.0 to 3.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. Further, these single crystal alloys have a total tungsten and molybdenum content in the range of from 1.0 to 7.5 wt %, preferably from 2.0 to 7.0 wt %, a total refractory element content in the range of from 9.0 to 24.5 wt %, preferably from 13 to 22 wt %, a ratio of rhenium to a total refractory element content in the range of from 0.16 to 0.67, preferably from 0.20 to 0.45, a density in the range of from 0.300 to 0.325 lb/in 3 , and a specific creep strength in the range from 106×10 3  to 124×10 3  inches. These alloys provide (a) increased creep strength for a given density and (b) specific creep strengths as high as or higher than all 2 nd  generation single crystal alloys with a significant decrease in density.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(1) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to lower density single crystal alloys that have particular use in turbine engine components.

(2) Prior Art

High rotor speed turbine engine components, such as turbine blades, require materials with as low density as possible while maintaining reasonable levels of high temperature creep-rupture strength. Alloy design philosophy has previously been to achieve maximum creep capability without undue regard to alloy density. New engine designs require that extremely high levels of performance be achieved, which can only be met at very high AN² conditions where A=Area; N=Rotor speed. This in turn necessitates a new look at alloy design philosophy. For advanced high rotor speed designs, turbine blade weight (density) is critical to minimize the blade pull on the disk and thus minimize the overall disk size. Current second generation single crystal alloys with densities ranging from 0.312 to 0.323 lb/in³ are widely deployed in production, while third and fourth generation single crystal alloys with increasing strength capability have correspondingly higher densities ranging from 0.324 to 0.331 lb/in³. If reduced alloy density can be achieved for a given level of creep capability, significant savings in engine weight and increased engine performance would result.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Three classes of alloys are proposed in the instant application to meet advanced engine requirements. The first class of alloys is associated with moderate density less than or equal to 0.325 lb/in³, preferably in the range of 0.320 to 0.325 lb/in³, and provide a relatively high creep strength and specific strength of 120×10³ to 124×10³ inches. Alloys belonging to the second class possess fairly low densities in the range 0.310 to 0.320 lb/in³ and a creep strength in the range of from 112×10³ to 120×10³ inches. The third class of alloys has an extremely low density (0.310 lb/in³ or less, preferably in the range of from 0.300 to 0.310 lb/in³) with a moderate to high creep strength and a specific creep strength capability in the range of 106×10³-110×10³ inches. Throughout this application, creep strength and specific creep strength are defined in terms of the stress that would produce a typical rupture life of 300 hours at a test temperature of 1800° F.

In accordance with the present invention, a single crystal alloy has a composition consisting essentially of from 4.0 to 10 wt % chromium, from 1.0 to 2.5 wt % molybdenum, up to 5.0 wt % tungsten, from 3.0 to 8.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.5 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 6.0 to 17 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 4.0 to 6.0 wt % rhenium, from 1.0 to 3.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. Further, the single crystal alloys of the present invention have a total tungsten and molybdenum content in the range of from 1.0 to 7.5 wt %, preferably 2.0 to 7.0 wt %, and a total refractory content (Mo+W+Ta+Re+Ru) in the range of from 9 to 24.5 wt %, preferably 13 to 22 wt %. Still further, the single crystal alloys of the present invention have a ratio of rhenium to the total refractory content in the range of from 0.16 to 0.67, preferably 0.20 to 0.45.

Other details of the low density single crystal alloys for high AN² applications, as well as other objects and advantages attendant thereto, are set forth in the following detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided single crystal alloys from which turbine engine components, such as high pressure turbine blades, may be formed. The alloys of the present have a composition which consists essentially of from 4.0 to 10 wt % chromium, from 1.0 to 2.5 wt % molybdenum, up to 5.0 wt % tungsten, from 3.0 to 8.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.5 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 6.0 to 17 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 4.0 to 6.0 wt % rhenium, from 1.0 to 3.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The alloys of the present invention preferably have a total tungsten and molybdenum content in the range of from 1.0 to 7.5 wt %, preferably 2.0 to 7.0 wt %, a total refractory element content (the sum of Mo+W+Ta+Re+Ru) in the range of from 9 to 24.5 wt %, preferably from 13 to 22 wt %, a ratio of rhenium to a total refractory element content in the range of from 0.16 to 0.67, preferably from 0.20 to 0.45, a density in the range of from 0.300 to 0.325 lb/in³, and a specific creep strength in the range of from 106×10³ to 124×10³ inches. The specific creep strength may be determined as stress for 300 hours rupture life at 1800 degrees Fahrenheit divided by density.

The alloys of the present invention are characterized by very low levels of W+Mo, moderate levels of total refractory element content, but high ratios of Re to total refractory element content in order to achieve reduced density without significantly affecting creep strength. Previously, attempts to design lower density alloys have employed low levels of the refractory elements and very low levels of rhenium or rhenium-free compositions. These attempts resulted in low-density alloys, at the expense of creep strength. The alloys of the present invention demonstrate that higher levels of rhenium can compensate for removal of even larger quantities of the other refractory elements (Mo, W, Ta, and Ru). Creep strength levels greater than current 2^(nd) generation single crystal alloys can be obtained at reduced densities and specific creep strengths approaching or exceeding that of PWA 1484 can be obtained with a significant reduction in density. Using the approach of the present invention, strength levels can be maintained while lowering density or small reductions in creep strength can be traded for significant decreases in density. Such tradeoffs can be achieved while maintaining similar levels of specific creep strength.

The moderate density class of alloys are characterized by densities less than or equal to 0.325 lb/in³, preferably in the range of from 0.320 to 0.325 lb/in³, a specific creep strength in the range of 120×10³-124×10³ inches, a tungsten and molybdenum content of 7.0 wt % or less, preferably in the range of 6.0 to 7.0 wt %, a total refractory element content of 23.5 wt % or less, preferably in the range of from 20.5 to 22 wt %, and a ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content in the range of 0.21 to 0.41, preferably from 0.21 to 0.30. This class of alloys may have a composition consisting of from 4.0 to 8.0 wt % chromium, from 1.0 to 2.0 wt % molybdenum, up to 5.0 wt % tungsten, from 7.0 to 8.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.65 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 12 to 17 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 5.0 to 6.0 wt % rhenium, from 1.5 to 2.5 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel.

Exemplary compositions of moderate density alloys in accordance with the present invention are as follows:

Alloy A has a composition of 5.0 wt % chromium, 1.5 wt % molybdenum, 5.0 wt % tungsten, 8.0 wt % tantalum, 5.65 wt % aluminum, 12.5 wt % cobalt, 0.1 wt % hafnium, 5.0 wt % rhenium, 2.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The total molybdenum plus tungsten content is 6.5 wt %. The total refractory element content is 21.5 wt % and the ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content is 0.23. This alloy has a density of 0.324 lb/in³, and specific creep strength of 120×10³ inches;

Alloy B has a composition of 5.0 wt % chromium, 1.5 wt % molybdenum, 5.0 wt % tungsten, 8.0 wt % tantalum, 6.0 wt % aluminum, 16.5 wt % cobalt, 0.1 wt % hafnium, 5.0 wt % rhenium, 2.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The total molybdenum plus tungsten content is 6.5 wt %. The total refractory element content is 21.5 wt % and the ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content is 0.23. This alloy has a density of 0.323 lb/in³, and specific creep strength of 124×10³ inches; and

Alloy C has a composition of 5.0 wt % chromium, 1.5 wt % molybdenum, 5.0 wt % tungsten, 7.0 wt % tantalum, 6.0 wt % aluminum, 12.5 wt % cobalt, 0.1 wt % hafnium, 5.0 wt % rhenium, 2.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The total molybdenum plus tungsten content is 6.5 wt %. The total refractory element content is 20.5 wt % and the ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content is 0.24. This alloy has a density of 0.321 lb/in³, and specific creep strength of 123×10³ inches.

Low density single crystal alloys in accordance with the present invention may have density in the range of from 0.310 to 0.320 lb/in³ and a specific creep strength in the range of from 112×10³ to 120×10³ inches. Such alloys may consist of from 4.0 to 8.0 wt % chromium, from 4.5 to 5.5 wt % tungsten, from 1.0 to 2.0 wt % molybdenum, from 4.0 to 6.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.5 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 6.0 to 13 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 4.0 to 5.25 wt % rhenium, from 1.5 to 2.5 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The alloy may have a total refractory element content up to 21.25 wt %, preferably from 16 to 20 wt %. The ratio of rhenium to the total refractory element content may be greater than 0.18, preferably in the range of from 0.26 to 0.29.

Exemplary compositions of low-density alloys in accordance with the present invention are as follows:

Alloy D has a composition of 5.0 wt % chromium, 5.0 wt % tungsten, 1.5 wt % molybdenum, 6.0 wt % tantalum, 6.0 wt % aluminum, 12.5 wt % cobalt, 0.1 wt % hafnium, 5.0 wt % rhenium, 2.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The total molybdenum and tungsten content is 6.5 wt %. The total refractory element content is 17.5 wt % and the ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content is 0.29. This alloy has a density of 0.315 lb/in³ and specific creep strength of 119×10³ inches.

Alloy E has a composition of 5.0 wt % chromium, 4.5 wt % tungsten, 1.5 wt % molybdenum, 6.0 wt % tantalum, 6.0 wt % aluminum, 12.5 wt % cobalt, 0.1 wt % hafnium, 4.5 wt % rhenium, 2.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The total molybdenum and tungsten content is 6.0 wt %. The total refractory element content is 16.5 wt % and the ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content is 0.27. This alloy has a density of 0.313 lb/in³ and specific creep strength of 113×10³ inches.

Alloy F has a composition of 5.0 wt % chromium, 5.0 wt % tungsten, 1.5 wt % molybdenum, 6.0 wt % tantalum, 6.0 wt % aluminum, 6.0 wt % cobalt, 0.1 wt % hafnium, 5.0 wt % rhenium, 2.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The total molybdenum and tungsten content is 6.5 wt %. The total refractory element content is 19.5 wt % and the ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content is 0.26. This alloy has a density of 0.319 lb/in³ and specific creep strength 120×10³ inches.

The extremely low density class of alloys are characterized by densities less than or equal to 0.310 lb/in³, preferably in the range of from 0.300 lb/in³ to 0.310 lb/in³, specific creep strength in the range of from 106×10³ to 110×10³ inches, a tungsten and molybdenum content of less than 7.5 wt %, preferably less than 4.0 wt %, a total refractory element content of less than or equal to 21.0 wt %, preferably in the range of from 13 to 14 wt %, and a ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content greater than or equal to 0.24, preferably in the range of from 0.38 to 0.43. This class of alloys may have a composition (with minimal or no tungsten) consisting of from 8.0 to 10 wt % chromium, up to 5.0 wt % tungsten from 1.5 to 2.5 wt % molybdenum, from 4.0 to 5.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.65 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 11.5 to 13.5 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 5.0 to 6.0 wt % rhenium, from 1.5 to 2.5 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel.

Exemplary compositions of extremely low-density alloys in accordance with the present invention are as follows:

Alloy G has a composition of 8.0 wt % chromium, 0 wt % tungsten, 2.0 wt % molybdenum, 4.0 wt % tantalum, 6.0 wt % aluminum, 12.5 wt % cobalt, 0.1 wt % hafnium, 6.0 wt % rhenium, 2.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The total molybdenum plus tungsten content is 2.0 wt %. The total refractory element content is 14 wt % and the ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content is 0.43. This alloy has a density of 0.307 lb/in³, and specific creep strength of 110×10³ inches.

Alloy H has a composition of 10.0 wt % chromium, 0 wt % tungsten, 2.0 wt % molybdenum, 4.0 wt % tantalum, 6.0 wt % aluminum, 12.5 wt % cobalt, 0.1 wt % hafnium, 5.5 wt % rhenium, 2.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The total molybdenum plus tungsten content is 2.0 wt %. The total refractory element content is 13.5 wt % and the ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content is 0.41. This alloy has a density of 0.304 lb/in³ and specific creep strength of 110×10³ inches; and

Alloy I has a composition of 10.0 wt % chromium, 0 wt % tungsten, 2.0 wt % molybdenum, 4.0 wt % tantalum, 6.0 wt % aluminum, 12.5 wt % cobalt, 0.1 wt % hafnium, 5.0 wt % rhenium, 2.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel. The total molybdenum plus tungsten content is 2.0 wt %. The total refractory element content is 13 wt % and the ratio of rhenium to total refractory element content is 0.38. This alloy has a density of 0.302 lb/in³ and a specific creep strength of 106×10³ inches.

At rhenium contents of from 5.0 to 6.0 wt %, ruthenium contents of from 1.5 to 2.5 wt %, and cobalt contents in the range of from 12 to 17 wt %, alloy compositions can avoid the formation of microstructural phase instabilities, such as TCP (Topologically Close-packed Phases) and SRZ (Secondary Reaction Zone) instabilities.

The foregoing alloy compositions and properties are set forth in the following Table I.

TABLE 1 Alloy Compositions and Properties Specific Total Creep Refractory Density Strength Element Alloy (lb/in³) (10³ inch) Cr Mo W Ta Al Co Hf Re Ru W + Mo (wt %) Re/Refract A 0.324 120 5 1.5 5 8 5.65 12.5 .1 5 2 6.5 21.5 0.23 B 0.323 124 5 1.5 5 8 6 16.5 .1 5 2 6.5 21.5 0.23 C 0.321 123 5 1.5 5 7 6 12.5 .1 5 2 6.5 20.5 0.24 D 0.315 119 5 1.5 5 6 6 12.5 .1 5 2 6.5 17.5 0.29 E 0.313 113 5 1.5 4.5 6 6 12.5 .1 4.5 2 6 16.5 0.27 F 0.319 120 5 1.5 5 6 6 6 .1 5 2 6.5 19.5 0.26 G 0.307 110 8 2 0 4 6 12.5 .1 6 2 2 14 0.43 H 0.304 110 10 2 0 4 6 12.5 .1 5.5 2 2 13.5 0.41 I 0.302 106 10 2 0 4 6 12.5 .1 5 2 2 13 0.38 Chemical compositions are given in weight %; units for density and specific creep strength are in lb/in³ and 10³ inch, respectively. The term Re/Refract denotes the ratio of the rhenium content to the total refractory element content in the alloy.

The single crystal alloys of the present invention may be cast using standard directional solidification methods known in the art. Similarly, a turbine engine component, such as a high-pressure turbine blade, may be formed from the alloys of the present invention using standard directional solidification methods known in the art.

It is apparent that there has been provided in accordance with the present invention, three classes (moderate, low, and extremely low density) of single crystal alloys for high AN² applications which fully satisfy the objects, means, and advantages set forth hereinbefore. While the present invention has been described in the context of specific embodiments thereof, other unforeseeable alternatives, modifications, and variations may become apparent to those skilled in the art having read the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace those alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the broad scope of the appended claims. 

1. A single crystal alloy having a composition consisting essentially of from 4.0 to 10 wt % chromium, from 1.0 to 2.5 wt % molybdenum, up to 5.0 wt % tungsten, from 3.0 to 8.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.5 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 6.0 to 17 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 4.0 to 6.0 wt % rhenium, from 1.0 to 3.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel.
 2. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a total tungsten and molybdenum content in the range from 1.0 to 7.5 wt %.
 3. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a total tungsten and molybdenum content in the range of from 2.0 to 7.0 wt %.
 4. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, further having a total refractory element content (Mo+W+Ta+Re+Ru) in the range of from 9.0 to 24.5 wt %.
 5. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, further having a total refractory element content (Mo+W+Ta+Re+Ru) in the range of from 13 to 22 wt %.
 6. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, further having a ratio of rhenium to a total refractory element content in the range of from 0.16 to 0.67.
 7. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, further having a ratio of rhenium to a total refractory element content in the range of from 0.20 to 0.45.
 8. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a density in the range of from 0.300 to 0.325 lb/in³.
 9. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has specific creep strength in the range of from 106×10³ to 124×10³ inches.
 10. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a density less than 0.310 lb/in³ and a specific creep strength in the range of 106×10³ to 110×10³ inches.
 11. The single crystal alloy of claim 10, wherein said density is in the range of from 0.300 to 0.310 lb/in³.
 12. The single crystal alloy of claim 10, wherein said alloy consists of from 8.0 to 10 wt % chromium, up to 5.0 wt % tungsten, from 1.5 to 2.5 wt % molybdenum, from 4.0 to 5.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.65 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 11.5 to 13.5 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 5.0 to 6.0 wt % rhenium, from 1.5 to 2.5 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel.
 13. The single crystal alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy has a total refractory element content less than 21 wt %.
 14. The single crystal alloy of claim 13, wherein the total refractory element content is in the range of from 13.0 to 14.0 wt %.
 15. The single crystal alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy has a ratio of said rhenium to a total refractory element content greater than 0.24.
 16. The single crystal alloy of claim 15, wherein the ratio of said rhenium to said total refractory element content is in the range of from 0.38 to 0.43.
 17. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a density less than or equal to 0.325 lb/in³ and a specific creep strength in the range of 120×10³ to 124×10³ inches.
 18. The single crystal alloy of claim 17, wherein said density is in the range of from 0.320 to 0.325 lb/in³.
 19. The single crystal alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy consists of from 4.0 to 8.0 wt % chromium, from 1.0 to 2.0 wt % molybdenum, up to 5.0 wt % tungsten, from 7.0 to 8.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.5 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 12 to 17 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 5.0 to 6.0 wt % rhenium, from 1.5 to 2.5 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel.
 20. The single crystal alloy of claim 19, wherein said alloy has a total refractory element content less than or equal to 23.5 wt %.
 21. The single crystal alloy of claim 20, wherein said total refractory element content is in the range of from 20.5 to 22.0 wt %.
 22. The single crystal alloy of claim 20, wherein said alloy has a ratio of said rhenium to a total refractory element content in the range of from 0.21 to 0.41.
 23. The single crystal alloy of claim 20, wherein said alloy has a total tungsten and molybdenum content less than or equal to 7.0 wt %.
 24. The single crystal alloy of claim 23, wherein the total tungsten and molybdenum content is in the range of from 6.0 to 7.0 wt %.
 25. The single crystal alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a density in the range of from 0.310 to 0.320 lb/in³ and a specific creep strength in the range of 112×10³ to 120×10³ inches.
 26. The single crystal alloy of claim 25, wherein said alloy consists of from 4.0 to 8.0 wt % chromium, from 4.5 to 5.5 wt % tungsten, from 1.0 to 2.0 wt % molybdenum, from 4.0 to 6.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.5 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 6 to 13.0 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 4.0 to 5.25 wt % rhenium, from 1.5 to 2.5 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel.
 27. The single crystal alloy of claim 26, wherein said alloy has total refractory element content up to 21.25 wt %.
 28. The single crystal alloy of claim 27, wherein the total refractory element content is in the range of from 16 to 20 wt %.
 29. The single crystal alloy of claim 26, wherein said alloy has a ratio of rhenium to a total refractory element content greater than 0.18.
 30. The single crystal alloy of claim 29, wherein the ratio of said rhenium to said total refractory element content is in the range of 0.26 to 0.29.
 31. The single crystal alloy of claim 26, wherein said alloy has density of between 0.313 and 0.319 lb/in³ and specific creep strength in the range of 113×10³ to 120×10³ inches.
 32. The single crystal alloy of claim 26, wherein said density is in the range of from 0.310 to 0.320 lb/in³.
 33. A turbine engine component formed from a single crystal alloy consisting essentially of from 4.0 to 10 wt % chromium, from 1.0 to 2.5 wt % molybdenum, up to 5.0 wt % tungsten, from 3.0 to 8.0 wt % tantalum, from 5.5 to 6.25 wt % aluminum, from 6 to 17 wt % cobalt, up to 0.2 wt % hafnium, from 4.0 to 6.0 wt % rhenium, from 1.0 to 3.0 wt % ruthenium, and the balance nickel.
 34. The turbine engine component of claim 33, wherein said alloy has a total tungsten and molybdenum content in the range of from 1.0 to 7.5 wt %.
 35. The turbine engine component of claim 30, wherein said alloy has a total tungsten and molybdenum content in the range of from 2.0 to 7.0 wt %.
 36. The turbine engine component of claim 33, further having a total refractory element content in the range of from 9.0 to 24.5 wt %.
 37. The turbine engine component of claim 33, further having a total refractory element content in the range of from 13 to 22 wt %.
 38. The turbine engine component of claim 33, further having a ratio of rhenium to a total refractory element content in the range of from 0.16 to 0.67.
 39. The turbine engine component of claim 33, further having a ratio of rhenium to a total refractory element content in the range of from 0.20 to 0.45.
 40. The turbine engine component of claim 33, wherein said alloy has a density in the range of from 0.300 to 0.325 lb/in³.
 41. The turbine engine component of claim 33, wherein said alloy has specific creep strength in the range of from 106×10³ to 124×10³ inches.
 42. The turbine engine component of claim 33, wherein said component comprises a turbine blade. 